I-L terms

impairment charges

Accounting write-downs required when the carrying value of an asset exceeds its fair market value.

impenetrable moat

Refers to a strong competitive advantage that protects market share from rivals.

imported inflation

Price increases driven by external factors like rising oil costs affecting domestic economic stability.

in vivo crispr

Gene editing therapies delivered directly into the patient's body to treat genetic diseases at the molecular level.

industrial demand destruction

A reduction in industrial consumption caused by high prices, substitution, efficiency gains, closures, or weaker output.

industrial re shoring

The relocation of manufacturing or industrial capacity back to a domestic market.

Also matched as: industrial reshoring

industrial recession

A broad contraction in manufacturing, production, orders, capacity use, or industrial investment.

industrial reshoring

The relocation of manufacturing or industrial capacity back to a domestic market.

inelastic demand

Demand that changes proportionally less than price over a defined range and period.

infiniband

InfiniBand is a high-speed, low-latency networking standard used for connecting servers, storage, and accelerators in performance-sensitive computing environments.

inflationary deleveraging

A phase of debt reduction characterized by rising prices and currency devaluation.

information topology

Information topology describes how data, knowledge, and signals are organized, linked, and transmitted across a system or institution.

Also matched as: information topologies

infrastructure monopoly

A dominant provider of essential infrastructure protected by high capital, regulatory, network, or switching barriers.

infrastructure multiple

A valuation multiple associated with infrastructure-like businesses that have stable, utility-style cash flows.

infrastructure premium

Higher valuation multiple assigned to assets with stable, long-term, and predictable cash flows.

infrastructure utility

An essential network or physical service with durable demand and utility-like economic characteristics.

input costs

Costs of labor, materials, energy, components, transport, and services used to produce or deliver an offering.

input inflation

An increase in the cost of raw materials, components, labor, or energy used to produce goods and services.

insider liquidation

Large-scale selling of an ownership position by founders, executives, or other major insiders.

installed base

The active set of deployed products or users already in operation with existing customers.

institutional accumulation

Sustained net buying by large professional investors such as funds, insurers, and pensions.

institutional capital

Capital managed by professional institutions such as pension funds, insurers, sovereign funds, endowments, or asset managers.

institutional capitulation

A period of unusually broad or forced selling by large professional investors.

institutional permanence

Durable integration of an asset, practice, or institution into established financial or operating systems.

intellectual property

Legally protected intangible creations such as patents, copyrights, trademarks, designs, trade secrets, and proprietary know-how.

interchange fees

Fees paid between financial institutions for processing card transactions, usually from the merchant's bank to the cardholder's bank.

interest rate regime

A persistent pattern in policy rates and market yields that shapes borrowing costs, discount rates, and asset values.

intrinsic value

The estimated true worth of a business or asset based on fundamentals instead of short-term market mood.

Also matched as: intrinsic values

key man discount

Valuation penalty applied when a company's success is overly dependent on a single individual leader.

key man risk

Key man risk is the vulnerability created when business performance depends heavily on one individual's expertise, relationships, or decision-making.

kinetic blockade

A physical or military restriction on transport routes, ports, borders, or trade flows.

kinetic escalation

A transition from diplomatic or economic tension to active military conflict in a geopolitical region.

korea discount

The valuation gap between Korean stocks and global peers due to governance and geopolitical risks.

law of large numbers

A statistical principle stating that an average tends to approach its expected value as the number of independent observations increases.

layer 2 networks

Scaling solutions that process transactions off-chain to increase throughput and reduce costs for the base layer.

legacy dead weight

Legacy dead weight refers to outdated assets, obligations, or processes that consume resources while contributing little to future growth.

lgfv debt

Debt issued by local government financing vehicles used to fund infrastructure projects, often carrying significant credit risk.

liberation day tariffs

Liberation day tariffs refers to a politically branded tariff package framed as reclaiming domestic economic control through broad import duties.

lipstick effect

The tendency for consumers to continue purchasing small luxury goods during economic downturns.

liquid cooling

A thermal-management method that uses liquid to absorb and remove heat from computing or industrial equipment.

liquidation floor

A downside value estimate based on what assets could realize in a forced sale scenario.

liquidation value

The estimated net value of a company's assets if it were to cease operations and sell everything.

liquidity crisis

A condition in which an institution or market cannot obtain cash or funding needed to meet near-term obligations without severe losses.

liquidity death spiral

A self-reinforcing decline in which funding stress forces asset sales or dilution that further weakens liquidity and confidence.

liquidity drain

A reduction in money or financing available to markets, which can tighten credit and pressure valuations.

liquidity expansion

An increase in money or financing available to markets, often easing credit conditions and supporting asset prices.

Also matched as: global liquidity expansion

liquidity squeeze

A period when cash or financing becomes scarce, expensive, or difficult to obtain.

lng deficit

A shortfall in liquefied natural gas supply relative to demand over a defined market and period.

loan loss provisions

Funds set aside by banks to cover potential losses from loans that may default.

local government financing vehicle

Local government financing vehicle (LGFV) is an entity used by a local authority to raise funds and finance public investment.

Also matched as: local government financing vehicles, lgfv, lgfvs

localized manufacturing

Producing goods within or near the markets where they will be sold.

localized production

Production located within or near end markets to shorten supply chains or meet local requirements.

long duration assets

Investments whose value is heavily weighted toward distant future cash flows, sensitive to interest rate changes.

long term debt cycle

A multi-decade cycle of leverage accumulation, deleveraging, and policy response.

Also matched as: long-term debt cycle

loss of exclusivity

Refers to the expiration of patent protection leading to generic or biosimilar competition for key drugs.