E-H terms

earnings before interest taxes depreciation and amortization

Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) measures operating performance before financing, tax, and certain accounting charges.

Also matched as: ebitda

earnings multiple

The ratio of share price to earnings per share used to determine stock valuation.

earnings per share

Earnings per share (EPS) measures the portion of net income attributable to each outstanding share of common stock.

Also matched as: eps

ebitda margin

A profitability ratio equal to EBITDA divided by revenue.

ebitda margins

Key profitability metric measuring operational efficiency before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

economic moat

Competitive advantage protecting market share and profitability from rivals.

Also matched as: competitive moat

economies of scale

Cost advantages gained by increasing production volume and optimizing manufacturing processes.

ecosystem lock in

Customer dependence created when products, data, integrations, or workflows are costly or difficult to move outside one ecosystem.

Also matched as: ecosystem lock-in

edge ai

Artificial intelligence processing performed locally on devices rather than in centralized cloud data centers.

edge compute

Computing performed near the source of data or the user rather than only in a centralized data center.

edge computing

Processing data near the source to reduce latency and cloud dependency.

efficiency ratio

A key metric measuring non-interest expenses as a percentage of revenue; lower is better.

energy inflation

A sustained rise in energy prices that increases household, transport, and business costs.

energy rationing

Administrative limits on energy consumption or allocation when supply is constrained.

energy shock

A sudden disruption or price change in energy markets that affects inflation, demand, and operating costs.

Also matched as: energy shocks

energy stagflation

Economic condition of high inflation and stagnant growth exacerbated by rising energy costs impacting operational expenses.

energy transition

The long-term shift in how energy is produced, distributed, stored, and consumed, including movement toward lower-emission sources.

engine flying hours

Primary revenue metric for civil aerospace maintenance contracts based on actual engine usage time.

enterprise ai roi

The measurable financial return on investment generated by corporate adoption of artificial intelligence technologies.

enterprise roi

The return generated from enterprise-level investments relative to their total cost.

enterprise value

A measure of total business value, commonly calculated as equity value plus debt and preferred claims, less cash and cash equivalents.

epa deregulation

Reduction, withdrawal, or relaxation of environmental rules administered by the US Environmental Protection Agency.

eps accretion

An increase in earnings per share caused by a transaction, financing decision, operating change, or reduction in share count.

eps compounding

Methodical growth in earnings per share through margin improvement and systematic share count reduction.

eps growth

The percentage increase in earnings per share over a specified period.

equity dilution

The reduction in ownership percentage for existing shareholders caused by the issuance of new shares.

escape velocity

A point at which growth or adoption becomes sufficiently self-sustaining to continue without the same level of external support.

eu india free trade agreement

A trade framework intended to reduce barriers and expand commerce between the European Union and India.

Also matched as: EU-India free trade agreement, EU India FTA

eu india fta

A proposed or negotiated trade agreement intended to reduce barriers and expand commerce between the European Union and India.

european deindustrialization

European deindustrialization refers to a long-run decline in industrial capacity, manufacturing competitiveness, or production intensity across European economies.

european stagflation

An economic environment in Europe combining weak growth with persistent inflation.

ev ebitda multiple

A valuation ratio comparing enterprise value to EBITDA, commonly used to compare companies with different capital structures.

ev sales multiple

Valuation metric comparing enterprise value to total revenue, used to benchmark software company growth expectations.

execution velocity

Execution velocity describes the speed and consistency with which an organization converts plans, decisions, or product roadmaps into delivered outcomes.

exit liquidity

Available market demand that allows existing holders to sell an asset without an unacceptable price impact.

export controls

Export controls are government rules restricting the cross-border transfer of specified goods, technologies, software, or know-how for strategic reasons.

eylea hd

Eylea HD is a high-dose formulation of aflibercept used to treat specified retinal diseases.

faa certification

The regulatory approval process required for aircraft to legally operate in commercial airspace.

faa type certification

The primary regulatory milestone required to legally operate commercial aircraft in the United States.

fast follower

A strategy of entering after an early innovator and competing through improved execution, adaptation, cost, or distribution.

fcf generation

A company's ability to produce steady free cash flow after operating and capital spending needs.

fcf margins

Free cash flow as a percentage of revenue.

Also matched as: free cash flow margin, free cash flow margins, fcf margin

fcf yield

Free cash flow divided by market value, showing cash generation relative to the asset price.

fee compression

Downward pressure on the fees a business can charge because of competition, regulation, bargaining power, or product standardization.

fiat debasement

Fiat debasement is the erosion of a currency's purchasing power through inflation, money creation, or policies that reduce scarcity.

financial engineering

The design or restructuring of financing, capital allocation, derivatives, taxes, or accounting exposures to achieve a financial objective.

financial fortress

A strong balance sheet with low debt and high liquidity, providing resilience against economic downturns.

financial utility

A financial service or network viewed as essential, recurring infrastructure for transactions, savings, credit, or risk transfer.

fine troy ounce

One troy ounce of pure precious-metal content, about 31.1035 grams, after allowing for impurities. Gold prices use this measure so bars of different purity can be valued on the same basis.

Also matched as: fine troy ounces, fine ounce, fine ounces

firedancer

Firedancer is an independently developed validator client for the Solana blockchain designed for high throughput and software diversity.

fiscal dominance

A scenario where monetary policy is constrained by the need to finance government debt.

fixed costs

Costs that do not change materially with production or sales volume over a relevant range and period.

fixed price contract

A contract that sets a predetermined price for defined goods, services, or work, leaving the seller exposed to some cost-overrun risk.

fixed price contracts

Agreements with set pricing that can cause losses during periods of high inflation.

fixed price legacy contracts

Contracts that create margin pressure when inflation or supply chain costs exceed initial estimates.

fixed wireless access

Broadband service delivered to a fixed location through a wireless radio network rather than a wired last-mile connection.

float

The number of shares available for public trading in the market.

float income

Investment income earned on funds held temporarily before they are paid or otherwise released.

float reduction

A decrease in publicly tradable shares, often caused by repurchases, acquisitions, or insider ownership changes.

footnote forensics

Detailed examination of financial-statement notes and disclosures to identify accounting judgments, risks, obligations, or inconsistencies.

force majeure

A contract provision that may excuse or delay performance when specified extraordinary events beyond a party's control occur.

ford pro

Ford Pro is Ford Motor Company's commercial-vehicle, fleet, software, charging, financing, and service business.

fortress balance sheet

A financial position with high liquidity and low debt, providing resilience against market volatility.

Also matched as: fortress balance sheets

forward earnings

Estimated future profitability used to calculate valuation multiples for investment analysis.

forward multiple

Forward multiple is a valuation ratio based on forecast earnings, sales, or cash flow rather than historical results.

Also matched as: forward multiples

forward pe

A valuation ratio comparing current price to expected earnings over the next period, usually one year.

free cash flow

Free cash flow (FCF) is cash generated after operating expenses and capital expenditures that remains available for debt reduction, reinvestment, or shareholder returns.

Also matched as: free cash flows, fcf

free cash flow conversion

The proportion of earnings, EBITDA, or another operating measure converted into free cash flow over a specified period.

free cash flow margins

The percentage of revenue converted into cash after accounting for capital expenditures and operating costs.

free cash flow yield

Free cash flow divided by market value, showing cash generation relative to the asset price.

free cash flow yields

Free cash flow divided by market value, showing cash generation relative to the asset price.

Also matched as: free cash flow yield, fcf yield, fcf yields

fx drag

Negative impact of currency exchange rate fluctuations on reported financial results.

fx headwinds

Negative impact on earnings caused by unfavorable currency exchange rate fluctuations during reporting periods.

g sib

A global systemically important bank designated by regulators and subject to additional capital and supervisory requirements.

Also matched as: G-SIB

g sibs

Global systemically important banks designated as critical to financial stability and subject to stricter regulation.

gaap profitability

GAAP profitability refers to earnings that remain positive under generally accepted accounting principles, including standard operating and noncash expense recognition.

gate all around

A transistor architecture in which the gate surrounds the channel on multiple sides to improve electrostatic control and scaling.

Also matched as: gate-all-around, GAA

generative ai

Artificial intelligence that produces new text, images, audio, code, video, or other content from learned patterns and user input.

generic erosion

The loss of market share and revenue as patents expire and cheaper generic alternatives enter the market.

geopolitical blockades

International trade barriers and conflicts restricting supply chains and market access.

geopolitical decoupling

A reduction in trade, investment, technology exchange, or supply-chain integration between countries or geopolitical blocs.

geopolitical discount

A lower valuation assigned because investors price in geopolitical uncertainty or policy risk.

geopolitical energy shock

A sudden energy-supply or price disruption caused by conflict, sanctions, political instability, or strategic policy action.

geopolitical fragmentation

Structural shifts in global trade and policy impacting international business operations and market access.

geopolitical friction

External political tensions impacting global trade and operational stability for international companies.

geopolitical frictions

International tensions that disrupt trade routes and supply chain stability for global hardware manufacturers.

geopolitical premium

The added value or risk adjustment based on international political stability and supply chain security.

geopolitical risk

The potential for political instability or international tensions to negatively impact business operations and valuation.

geopolitical risk premium

The additional return investors demand for holding assets in regions prone to political instability or conflict.

geopolitical shock

Sudden, disruptive international events that destabilize markets and alter global economic conditions.

ghost chain

A blockchain network with significant market capitalization but negligible real-world usage or organic transaction volume.

global combat air programme

Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) is a multinational defense initiative focused on developing a next-generation combat aircraft and related systems.

Also matched as: gcap

global energy shock

A sudden, internationally significant disruption in energy supply or prices.

global liquidity

The availability and ease of financing across major global markets, currencies, and financial institutions.

global m2

An aggregate measure of broad money supply across major economies, often used as a liquidity indicator.

global south

Global South is a broad geopolitical term referring to many lower-income or developing regions outside the traditional industrial core.

global stagflation

An economic environment characterized by stagnant growth and high inflation, pressuring corporate margins and spending.

global trade fragmentation

A shift from integrated global trade toward regional blocs, competing standards, tariffs, and more localized supply chains.

glp 1

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone involved in glucose regulation, insulin response, digestion, and appetite.

Also matched as: GLP-1

glp 1 adoption

The rate at which GLP-1-based therapies are prescribed, accessed, and used by eligible patients.

Also matched as: GLP-1 adoption

glp 1 drugs

Medicines that activate the GLP-1 pathway to support glucose control, appetite regulation, or weight management.

Also matched as: GLP-1 drugs

glp 1s

A drug class that affects appetite and glucose control, commonly used in obesity and diabetes care.

goodwill impairment

Accounting charge taken when the value of an acquired asset drops below its recorded book value.

goodwill impairments

Accounting write-downs occurring when the value of an acquired asset falls below its book value.

goodwill write downs

Accounting charges recorded when purchased goodwill is judged to be worth less than its carrying value.

governance discount

Valuation gap caused by complex corporate structures and perceived poor shareholder alignment.

green hydrogen

Green hydrogen is hydrogen produced using low-emission electricity, typically through electrolysis, rather than from fossil fuel feedstocks.

grid constraints

Limits in electricity generation, transmission, distribution, or interconnection capacity that restrict new supply or demand.

grid hardening

Infrastructure upgrades to improve electrical grid resilience against physical and cyber threats.

grid modernization

Upgrading electrical infrastructure to handle increased demand and renewable energy integration.

grid resilience

The capacity of electrical infrastructure to withstand and recover from increased load demands and external shocks.

gross margin compression

Reduction in profitability due to rising input costs and supply chain expenses.

gross margin expansion

An increase in gross profit as a percentage of revenue.

gross margin profile

The level, composition, durability, and variability of gross margin across a business or product mix.

gross margins

The percentage of revenue remaining after deducting the direct costs of producing goods sold.

Also matched as: gross margin

gross merchandise value

Gross merchandise value (GMV) measures the total sales value of goods sold through a marketplace or platform before deductions.

Also matched as: gmv

gross profit margins

The share of revenue left after subtracting cost of goods sold.

growth multiple

Growth multiple is a valuation premium assigned to businesses expected to sustain faster expansion than peers or the broader market.

Also matched as: growth multiples

growth premium

The excess valuation assigned to an asset based on expectations of future expansion.

hardware commoditization

A loss of product differentiation that shifts hardware competition toward price and reduces margins or pricing power.

high bandwidth memory

High-bandwidth memory (HBM) is a stacked memory architecture designed to deliver high data throughput with efficient power usage.

Also matched as: hbm

high bandwidth memory 4

High-bandwidth memory 4 (HBM4) is a fourth-generation high-bandwidth memory standard designed to deliver faster data transfer and higher capacity for performance-intensive computing workloads.

Also matched as: hbm4

high beta

A stock with higher price volatility than the broader market benchmark.

high na euv

High-numerical-aperture extreme ultraviolet lithography uses a larger optical aperture to print smaller semiconductor features.

Also matched as: High-NA EUV

high roic

A signal that a business earns strong operating returns relative to the capital it uses.

higher for longer

Monetary policy environment where interest rates remain elevated for an extended period.

higher for longer rate regime

An extended period in which policy rates remain elevated rather than quickly returning to prior lows.

holding company discount

The market valuation gap where a conglomerate trades below the sum of its individual business units.

hormuz blockade

A partial or complete restriction of shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, with potential effects on energy supply, freight, and trade.

hormuz driven energy shock

An energy-supply or price shock caused by disruption to shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.

Also matched as: Hormuz-driven energy shock

hormuz energy shock

An energy-supply or price shock caused by disruption around the Strait of Hormuz.

housing turnover

The rate at which residential properties are bought and sold, impacting demand for home improvement goods.

hybrid bonding

A semiconductor-packaging technique that directly bonds metal interconnects and surrounding dielectric surfaces between dies or wafers.

hyperscaler ai capex

Capital spending by very large cloud operators on compute, networking, storage, power, cooling, and facilities for AI workloads.

hyperscaler capex

Capital spending by very large cloud operators on data centers, computing, networking, storage, power, and related infrastructure.

hyperscaler capital expenditure

Capital spending by very large cloud operators on data centers and related computing infrastructure.

hyperscaler demand

Demand generated by very large cloud operators for compute, networking, storage, power, facilities, and supporting services.

hyperscalers

Very large cloud or internet-platform operators that run computing infrastructure at global scale.